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	<title>Blog GDEC-Grup de Definició d'Estratègies per a la Competitivitat-</title>
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		<title>Blog GDEC-Grup de Definició d'Estratègies per a la Competitivitat-</title>
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		<title>Newsletter Num. 3 Grup3i-Gener 2008</title>
		<link>http://bloggrup3i.wordpress.com/2008/01/09/newsletter-num-3-grup3i-gener-2008/</link>
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		<pubDate>Wed, 09 Jan 2008 14:39:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>algarblay</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Energia & Recursos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fiscalitat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Infraestructures]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[nuclear]]></category>
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		<description><![CDATA[grup-3i-newsletter-gener-2008.pdf<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=bloggrup3i.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1156950&amp;post=15&amp;subd=bloggrup3i&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://bloggrup3i.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/grup-3i-newsletter-gener-2008.pdf" title="grup-3i-newsletter-gener-2008.pdf">grup-3i-newsletter-gener-2008.pdf</a></p>
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		<title>Airbus 380 al Prat? (R. Tremosa a l&#8217;Avui)</title>
		<link>http://bloggrup3i.wordpress.com/2008/01/07/airbus-380-al-prat-r-tremosa-a-lavui/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2008 13:06:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>algarblay</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Competitivitat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Energia & Recursos]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[AENA]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Aeroports]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[El Prat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ramon Tremosa]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Article AENAArticle de Ramón Tremosa publicat al diari Avui el 13 de SDesembre de 2007 sobre el Debat d&#8217;infraestructures del Prat.<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=bloggrup3i.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1156950&amp;post=10&amp;subd=bloggrup3i&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://bloggrup3i.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/article-aena-tremosa.pdf" title="Article AENA">Article AENA</a>Article de Ramón Tremosa publicat al diari Avui el 13 de SDesembre de 2007 sobre el Debat d&#8217;infraestructures del Prat.</p>
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			<media:title type="html">algarblay</media:title>
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		<title>For Nations, Small is Beautiful</title>
		<link>http://bloggrup3i.wordpress.com/2008/01/07/for-nations-small-is-beautiful/</link>
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		<pubDate>Mon, 07 Jan 2008 13:00:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>algarblay</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Politica]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Catalonia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Independence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Nations]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[By Gideon Rachman Published: December 4 2007 02:00 &#124; Last updated: December 4 2007 02:00Europe seems intent on slicing itself up into ever smaller pieces. In the next month, Kosovo is likely to declare independence &#8211; making it the seventh &#8230; <a href="http://bloggrup3i.wordpress.com/2008/01/07/for-nations-small-is-beautiful/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=bloggrup3i.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1156950&amp;post=9&amp;subd=bloggrup3i&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial;">By Gideon Rachman </span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial;">Published: December 4 2007 02:00 | Last updated: December 4 2007 02:00</span><span style="font-size:9pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Europe</span><span style="font-family:Arial;"> seems intent on slicing itself up into ever smaller pieces. In the next month, Kosovo is likely to declare independence &#8211; making it the seventh new country to emerge from the wreckage of Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union has given way to 15 new states. Even in western Europe, there is talk of Belgium dividing in two, while a pro-independence party has taken power in Scotland.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">People tend to treat countries that split up a bit like married couples. It is a sad event. And it is true that a unilateral declaration of Kosovan independence could cause a new crisis in the Balkans.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">But if the formation of new countries can be achieved peacefully, it is usually a cause for celebration. This is the age of the small state.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Look at almost any league table of national welfare and small countries dominate. The International Monetary Fund&#8217;s ranking of countries by gross domestic product per capita shows that four of the five richest countries in the world have populations of less than 5m. (The US &#8211; placed fourth in wealth-per-head &#8211; is the exception.) The Global Peace Index, produced by the Economist IntelligenceUnit, ranks nations by criteria such as homicide rates and prison populations and it too makes pleasant reading for pocket-sizedcountries. The most peaceful place on earth is, apparently, Norway (quite cold, though) and eight of the 10 most peaceful countries have populations of less than 10m.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">The World Economic Forum&#8217;s competitiveness index suggests that five of the seven most &#8220;competitive&#8221; countries have populations of less than 10m. The Human Development Index &#8211; which ranks countries by measures such as life expectancy and education &#8211; places only one large country in its top 10: Japan.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Look at the issue from the other end of the telescope and you can see why it pays to be small. Of the five most populous countries in the world, only the US is rich. Brazil, China, India and Indonesia are growing fast, but they still rank as developing nations. Governing them presents awesome challenges.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">I remember visiting Palaniappan Chidambaram, who was then India&#8217;s trade minister (he is now finance minister), some years ago. Mr Chidambaram seemed a little depressed,so I asked what was bothering him. He groaned and said that he had been visited by Finland&#8217;s trade minister. This alone did not seem like a cause for melancholy, so I pressed him further. &#8220;Do you know what the population of Finland is,&#8221; he asked? &#8220;Five million. We have 5m blind people in India.&#8221;</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Of course, Indians are not always downcast by the size of their country. In fact, they sometimes boast that India is on track to overtake China as the world&#8217;s most populous country.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">But taking pride in the sheer size of your country is increasingly anachronistic.Traditionally it has been good to be a big country for two main reasons: prosperity and security. A big country meant a bigger market and so more trade and wealth creation. A large nation was also more powerful and less likely to be invaded.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">But in the modern world, both these advantages seem to be diminishing.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Globalisation has opened up markets across the world. China and India are getting richer largely because they have access to the markets of the developed world, not because of the size of their domestic markets. Small countries can trade their way to success even more swiftly. Think of Singapore or Switzerland.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Small is also no longer synonymous with insecure.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">In Europe, many minnows have enhanced their security by joining Nato. This is sometimes denounced as free-riding. Belgium or Luxembourg can afford to be small, secure and smug &#8211; because they are under the security umbrella, proffered by big and generous Uncle Sam.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">But joining a collective security organisation is not an absolute necessity for a small country. Ireland and Switzerland are not members of Nato &#8211; and neither appears to be in imminent danger of invasion.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">The fact is large countries are now less instinctively expansionist than they were in the days of empire. These days, invading and occupying small countries can be a massive painin the neck &#8211; as the US has discovered in Iraq and Afghanistan.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Since the traditional disadvantages of being a tiddly country are disappearing, you are just left with the advantages.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Above all, small countries tend to be more homogenous. This makes them less prone to civil strife or dictatorship. It also means higher levels of social trust &#8211; which may be why small Scandinavian states are willing to spend so much on health and education and fare so well on human development indices.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Governments in small countries also find it easier to craft and implement policy &#8211; an advantage that might be replicated in the US by federalism. Small, homogenous countries should also be less tempted to waste money on pork-barrel projects, designed to buy off discontented minorities.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Declaring independence is also a splendid marketing gimmick. Who gave much thought to the Baltic states when they were part of the Soviet Union? But now a country like Estonia has a distinct international identity &#8211; which is very useful in attracting tourists and investment.</span><span style="font-family:Arial;">Given all this, it is hardly surprising that the number of new nations is proliferating. In 1945, the United Nations had just 45 members. By 1968, after decolonisation, it had 126 members. Now the number of nations represented at the UN is 192. Drink a toast to the age of the small country when it breaks 200.</span></p>
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			<media:title type="html">algarblay</media:title>
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		<title>“The Size of Nations”: Quan la mida no importa….</title>
		<link>http://bloggrup3i.wordpress.com/2007/05/29/%e2%80%9cthe-size-of-nations%e2%80%9d-quan-la-mida-no-importa%e2%80%a6/</link>
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		<pubDate>Tue, 29 May 2007 15:36:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>algarblay</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Capital Humà]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Competitivitat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Energia & Recursos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fiscalitat]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Infraestructures]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sectors]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tecnologia de la Informació]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Aquest article gira al voltant del llibre “The Size of Nations” (A. Alesina, E. Spoalore), en el qual s’analitza, desde un punt de vista econòmic, aquells factors que incideixen en el tamany d’una nació, un país, un Estat.   De &#8230; <a href="http://bloggrup3i.wordpress.com/2007/05/29/%e2%80%9cthe-size-of-nations%e2%80%9d-quan-la-mida-no-importa%e2%80%a6/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=bloggrup3i.wordpress.com&amp;blog=1156950&amp;post=6&amp;subd=bloggrup3i&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:16pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></p>
<p class="Section1"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Aquest article gira al voltant del llibre “The Size of Nations” (A. Alesina, E. Spoalore), en el qual s’analitza, desde un punt de vista econòmic, aquells factors que incideixen en el tamany d’una nació, un país, un Estat. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">De vegades, hom tendeix a creure que “quan més gran millor”, és a dir, que quan més gran sigui un país, més forta serà la seva economia, i major transcendència tindrà a dins de l’ordre econòmic mundial. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Com a </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">exemple d’aquesta tesi, hom posa als EUA</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> com a major exponent. I és veritat. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Els EUA és un dels països més grans del món ( en població), i també són la primera potència econòmica mundial. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Malgrat això, segons el llibre, els EUA són l’excepció dins del panorama mundial. El llibre sustenta la tesi contrària: la mida no determina la força d’una economia, o el seu grau de competitivitat, o al menys, sota determinades circumstàncies socio-polítiques. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Si mirem als països més competitius del món, només quatre dels més competitius del món (mesurat en PIB per capita) tenen poblacions superiors al milló d&#8217;habitants: Suïssa, Finlàndia, EUA, Singapur, etc&#8230;. D&#8217;altra banda, els cinc païssos més grans, tampoc són els més rics del món (a excepció dels EUA): Xina, India, EUA, Indonèsia, Brasil. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> Dit sigui de passada, Catalunya formaria part dels països més competitus del món (en termes de PIB per càpita)(1).</span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Per tant, què és allò que determina la competitivitat d’un país? O vist des d’un altre punt de vista: quins factors econòmics determinen la mida òptima d’un país? Cal fer èmfasi que fem referència als factors “econòmics” i no històrics, bel·licosos, geogràfics, etc… </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">El llibre respon a la pregunta de la següent manera: és obvi que hi ha factors que juguen a favor dels països més grans, bàsicament aquells factors que els permeten assolir economies d’escala: els costos fixos que té un Estat, s’han de repartir entre tots els ciutadans, per tant, quants més ciutadans, menys haurà de pagar cadascú per tal de sufragar aquell cost fix. Per exemple, el sou del primer ministre dels EUA li costa a cada nord-americà molt menys que el que els costa als andorrans (assumint que el primer ministre dels EUA i d’Andorra cobrin el mateix). </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">D’altra banda, quan més gran és un país (en població), més diferències es creen entre els seus ciutadans (diferències ètniques, religioses, nacionals, econòmiques, etc…), pel que la governabilitat es fa més complicada, i per tant, <span> </span>també més cara. És a dir, l’Estat ha de destinar més recursos econòmics a gestionar poblacions més heterogènies. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">En síntesi, els factors que determinen el mida òptima d’un Estat, són l’equilibri entre les economies d’escala aconseguides i els costos derivats de l’heterogeneïtat de la seva població. Per tant, els Estats més grans i més homogenis, seran els més competitius econòmicament, i viceversa, els Estats més petits i més heterogenis seran els menys competitius. </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p>
<p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Els autors del llibre demostren aquesta tesi amb un grapat de fórmules matemàtiques, i afegeixen dues condicions necessàries: per a que s’acompleixi la seva tesi, cal que es produeixin dues condicions socio-polítiques mundials: un món amb un comerç lliure i un món sense conflictes bèl·lics a gran escala (cosa que afavoriria els Estats grans, amb més economies d’escala front als Estats petits). </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></span></p>
<p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Arribat a aquest punt, podem fer la reflexió següent: sota certes condicions, els països més competitius del món són aquells suficientment grans com per aconseguir economies d’escala significatives però que al mateix temps tinguin poblacions relativament homogènies. El màxim paradigma d’aquesta tesi ve representada pels EUA, sempre i quan sigui capaç d’aconseguir mantenir les diferents ètnies que conformen la seva població, sota un denominador comú (potser de patriotisme?). D’altra banda, els països més petits, que són al rànking més elevat de competitivitat (Suïssa, Finlàndia, Singapur, Catalunya….) són aquells que són prou petits com per mantenir uns nivells d’eficiència administrativa, donades les seves poblacions relativament homogènies. Dintre d’aquest grup hi encaixaria bé Catalunya.</span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></span></p>
<p></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">Ara bé, què passa amb països del grup entremig, països de la mida de França, Espanya, Polònia, Itàlia, etc…? Lluny d’una veritable unió socio-política, la Unió Europea no deixa de ser un intent d’aconseguir economies d’escala, i reduir els costos de l’heterogeneïtat dels seus Estats membres. Però això ja és una altra història, i la deixarem per a una altre ocasió. </span></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span>                            </span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span>                        </span><span>                        </span>Alexandre Garcia i Blay</span></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"> </span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;"></span></span><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial;"><span style="font-size:10pt;font-family:Arial;">(1) Catalunya te un PIB i un PIB per càpita superior al de Singapur </span></span></span></span></span></p>
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